Principles and Practice in Process Control

Principles and Practice in Process Control – updated 2023-07-05

I frequently taught the process control course to chemical engineering seniors and graduate students, and versions of the courses to those in industrial practice.  There are some good textbooks on the topics, but I found that the authors’ use of differential equations and Laplace and z-transforms, which satisfy a professor’s sense of what is important, misdirected student understanding from the principles to the glorious and perfect (but only when idealized) abstraction of math.   So, I supplemented the textbooks with my own lectures to clarify the principles and reveal the practice.  I have now used many of those lecture supplements as articles in the Develop Your Potential series in CONTROL magazine, and am grateful that the editors allow me to place versions here.  Hopefully, this series of articles will reveal some of the mysteries to the visitor. 

The chemical process industries (CPI) convert natural resources into useful products.  The CPI sectors include pulp & paper, glass, petroleum refining, mineral refining, chemicals, polymers, food, paint, soaps, pharmaceuticals, water purification, fragrances, etc.  Control in the CPI differs from many other application domains (such as mechatronics, aerospace, electronic, manufacturing, and distribution), because chemical processes are typically nonlinear, interactive, noisy, have delays, have constraints (associated with safety, loss prevention, and product specifications), and are managed by low cost (low computing power) devices and, typically, folks at an associate degree level.  Fortunately, the slow dynamics of most processes, another differentiating characteristic, make control manageable.

These resources cover the essential and fundamental concepts of automatic control of continuous process, which includes the in-batch control of batch processes.  It is aimed to provide:

  1. Practice-oriented context and conceptual support for the materials presented in a chemical engineering first course in process control, and
  2. Information for a practitioner in the CPI needing to independently learn the essentials. 

Other professors and practitioners have also posted supplemental materials, and I am in the process of collecting and organizing them on the Resourcium.org web site as a “Journey”. Visit the Journey at  https://resourcium.org/journey/process-control-concepts-and-practice.

To access my materials, use the links below this list:

  1. “Process Control is Inventory Control” – This is a perspective to understand what to control and how to pair manipulated and controlled variables.
  2. “Understanding the P, I, and D, of a PID controller” – This is an intuitive development of the PID algorithm to understand what each term does.  It has been one of the most popular articles for Control Global.
  3. “Tuning PID controllers” – This is a guide to using heuristics to direct tuning procedures, which are faster and surer than methods grounded in fancy math.
  4. “Filtering” – This reveals conventional methods to remove random noise and spurious events.
  5. “Laplace Transforms” – This is the conventional language for communicating control techniques in nearly all vendor manuals and bulletins.  You do need to understand what it means, but don’t need to use calculus to do so.  Researchers, of course, find the mathematical convenience of Laplace transforms to be a convenience in analyzing and proving their important concerns; but, the concerns of those in the practice are different.  Engineering-Mathematicians enjoy analytically inverting the transforms, but I find that to be a tedious distraction from practice relevance, and only applicable to a few trivial influence patterns.  This article explains Laplace transforms, shows how to interpret them, and shows how to reconstruct the implementation code from them for any input pattern.
  6. “FOPDT Modeling” – Many control techniques are grounded in a First-Order-Plus-Deadtime (FOPDT) model of the process response to the controller or disturbance.  Accordingly, obtaining a FOPDT model is one step in implementing a technique.  The conventional “reaction curve” approach to a single step-and-hold in the MV may have been best practice in the 1940’s pre-computer era of Zeigler and Nichols, but I think that nonlinear regression to a skyline input is best practice today.
  7. “Calculations with Measurement Signals” – This article is about converting scaled transmission signals back to the measurement and coping with issues related to noise, digital discretization, and calibration options.
  8. “Orifice Calibration” – This article suggests that in installations that are non-compliant to ISO standards, a power-law model of the orifice dP to Flow Rate relation is better than the ideal square root model.
  9. “Dimensionless Group Models” – This empirical modeling approach is often overlooked when a process engineer has been trained to use regression software and power series models. In my experience dimensionless group models (using Reynolds, Nusselt, or Prandtl numbers, and friction factor as variables) are usually better in several ways.
  10. “APC Maintenance” – Model-Predictive Control has large economic justification, but the dynamic models loose fidelity as the process ages or is changed, or as operating conditions change. Depending on the situation, the models may need to be re-calibrated on a 6- to 24-month schedule. This needs to be included in the capital planning and in the plant schedule and budget.
  11. “Artificial Intelligence” – It is not magic nor is it a sentient machine. Using linguistic rules or networks can solve problems that traditional regression modeling cannot. But, understand how to properly use the AI approach. Each modeling approach has its unique attributes and procedures.
  12. “Valve Characteristics” – Why do we need equal-percent valves?
  13. “Output Linearization” (output characterization) – how to transform the controller output so that the loop response is linear.
  14. “Natural Language Processing (NLP)” – how to implement human decision-making, action-taking logic in a computer program.
  15. “First Principles of Optimization” – an introduction to nomenclature, and heuristic and automated procedures.
  16. “PID Variations” – there are many re-arrangements of the basic PID algorithm, and it is essential to understand which is being used to properly apply tuning procedures, or to choose features.
  17. How to get FOPDT model coefficient values from first principles modeling.
  18. About communication lines on a P&ID.
  19. Override (Safety) and Reset Feedback
  20. Feedforward
  21. Ratio and Scaled Signal Calculations
  22. Cascade

CONTROL-45-2022-02-25-Use-First-Principles-to-Get-FOPDT-Coefficient-Values.pdf

CONTROL-47-2022-10-06-PFD-PID-Lines.pdf

CONTROL-52-2023-02-13-Override-Reset-Feedback.pdf

CONTROL-50-2023-03-30-Feedforward.pdf

CONTROL-53-2023-06-06-Ratio-and-Scaled-Signals.pdf

CONTROL-54-2023-02-13-Cascade.pdf